Television channel frequencies

The following tables show the frequencies assigned to broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter designator for the system used. The frequencies shown are for the video and audio carriers. The channel itself occupies several megahertz of bandwidth. For example, North American channel 2 occupies the spectrum from 54 to 60 MHz. See Broadcast television systems for a table of signal characteristics, including bandwidth, by ITU letter designator.

Contents 1 VHF 1.1 North and South America (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines 1.1.1 Assignments since February 25, 1946 1.2 Japan 1.3 United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and most British Territories 1.4 Republic of Ireland 1.5 Western Europe, Greenland and most countries in Asia, Africa and Oceania 1.6 France 1.7 French overseas departments and territories and former French African colonies 1.8 Italy 1.9 Eastern Europe 1.10 Morocco 1.11 Australia 1.12 New Zealand 1.13 Southern Africa 1.14 People's Republic of China 2 UHF 2.1 Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines 2.2 Japan 2.3 United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Macau, Falkland Islands and Southern Africa 2.4 Western Europe, Greenland, most countries in Asia and Africa, and most of Oceania 2.5 France, Eastern Europe, Former Soviet Union, French overseas territories and former French colonies in Africa 2.6 Australia 3 See also 4 References

VHF

North and South America (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines

Channel 1 was finally withdrawn on June 14, 1948, and allocated to fixed and mobile services. In some countries using the standard, channels 5 and 6 are allocated to non-broadcast services. An international agreement provides for a unified television bandplan, with 6-MHz channels throughout ITU Region II for both VHF and UHF bands, except for French territories, Falkland Islands, Greenland and Netherlands Antilles. Not all territories observe this bandplan.

During World War II the frequencies originally assigned to channels 13 to 18 were appropriated by the military, which still uses them. It was also decided to move the allocation for FM radio from the 42-50 MHz band to a larger 88-106 MHz band (later extended to the current 88-108 MHz FM band). This required a reassignment of the VHF channels to the plan currently in use. [1]

Assignments since February 25, 1946

Notes

• System M 525 lines (most countries in the Americas and Caribbean, South Korea and the Philippines)
• System N 625 lines (used in some South American Countries)

VHF low-band (band I)

Channel	Lower edge	Video carrier	DTV carrier	Audio carrier	Upper edge
2	54	55.25	54.31	59.75	60
3	60	61.25	60.31	65.75	66
4	66	67.25	66.31	71.75	72
5	76	77.25	76.31	81.75	82
6	82	83.25	82.31	87.75	88

Note: FM channel 200, 87.9 MHz, overlaps TV 6. This is used only by KSFH and K200AA. Channel 6A is only used in South Korea and the Philippines.
TV 6 analog audio can be heard on FM 87.75 on most broadcast radio receivers, but at lower volume than wideband FM broadcast stations.

VHF high-band (band III)

Channel	Lower edge	Video carrier	DTV carrier	Audio carrier	Upper edge
7	174	175.25	174.31	179.75	180
8	180	181.25	180.31	185.75	186
9	186	187.25	186.31	191.75	192
10	192	193.25	192.31	197.75	198
11	198	199.25	198.31	203.75	204
12	204	205.25	204.31	209.75	210
13	210	211.25	210.31	215.75	216

Japan

Note : Basically the frequency spacing for each channel is 6 MHz as the countries above, except between channels 7 and 8 (which overlap).

VHF low-band

Channel	Lower edge	Video carrier	Audio carrier	Upper edge
1	90	91.25	95.75	96
2	96	97.25	101.75	102
3	102	103.25	107.75	108

VHF high-band

Channel	Lower edge	Video carrier	Audio carrier	Upper edge
4	168	169.25	175.75	176
5	174	175.25	181.75	182
6	180	181.25	187.75	188
7	186	187.25	193.75	194
8	192	193.25	197.75	198
9	198	199.25	203.75	204
10	204	205.25	209.75	210
11	210	211.25	215.75	216
12	216	217.25	221.75	222

United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and most British Territories

System A 405 lines (discontinued in 1985)

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
1	45.00	41.50
2	51.75	48.25
3	56.75	53.25
4	61.75	58.25
5	66.75	63.25
6	179.75	176.25
7	184.75	181.25
8	189.75	186.25
9	194.75	191.25
10	199.75	196.25
11	204.75	201.25
12	209.75	206.25
13	214.75	211.25

Republic of Ireland

System I 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
A	45.75	51.75
B	53.75	59.75
C	61.75	67.75
D	175.25	181.25
E	183.25	189.25
F	191.25	197.25
G	199.25	205.25
H	207.25	213.25
I	215.25	221.25
J	223.25	229.25

Note: Channel A was never used. The only System I Band I transmitter on Channel B was RTÉ One from the Maghera, Co. Clare transmitter during 1963-1999. Channel A was initially intended for use at Maghera but Channel B was used instead because of the risk of interference to (overspill) reception of BBC 405 line transmissions [2]. It was moved to Channel E due to interference from distant transmitters during certain atmospheric conditions and other reasons. Channel C was used by a relay transmitter in Glanmire, Co. Cork. There are currently no Band I Channels used in Ireland (except on cable TV, and these have mostly been phased out for DOCSIS use) and no plans to resume using them. Note: most Irish Cable TV systems do not follow the above channel plan as their analogue (video) carriers are usually at multiples of 8 MHz (i.e. 176, 184, 192 MHz etc. in Band III)

Western Europe, Greenland and most countries in Asia, Africa and Oceania

System B 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)[1][2]	Audio carrier (MHz)
1	41.25	46.75
2	48.25	53.75
2A	49.75	55.25
3	55.25	60.75
4	62.25	67.75
5	75.25	80.75
6	82.25	87.75
7	175.25	180.75
8	182.25	187.75
9	189.25	194.75
10	196.25	201.75
11	203.25	208.75
12	210.25	215.75
13	217.25	222.75
14	224.25	229.75
15	231.25	236.75
16	247.25	252.75

• NOTE: Channel 1 was used for early experimental broadcasts and is no longer allocated.
• NOTE: Channels 15 and 16 are allocated for use in the African Broadcasting Area only.^[3]

France

System E 819 lines (discontinued in 1986)

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
1	46.00	42.00
2	52.40	41.25
3	56.15	67.30
4	65.55	54.40
5	164.00	175.15
6	173.40	162.25
7	177.15	188.30
8A	185.25	174.10
8	186.55	175.40
9	190.30	201.45
10	199.70	188.55
11	203.45	214.60
12	212.85	201.70

• NOTE: Channel 1 used an earlier 441-line system and was discontinued in 1956.

System L 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
2	55.75	49.25
3	60.50	54.00
4	63.75	57.25
5	176.00	182.50
6	184.00	190.50
7	192.00	198.50
8	200.00	206.50
9	208.00	214.50
10	216.00	222.50

French overseas departments and territories and former French African colonies

System K 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
2	52.25	58.75
3	60.25	66.75
4	175.25	181.75
5	183.25	189.75
6	191.25	197.75
7	199.25	205.75
8	207.25	213.75
9	215.25	221.75

Italy

System B 625 lines (discontinued in 2009) [3]

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
A	53.75	59.25
B	62.25	67.75
C	82.25	87.75
D	175.25	180.75
E	183.75	189.25
F	192.25	197.75
G	201.25	206.75
H	210.25	215.75
H1	217.25	222.75
H2	224.25	229.75

Channels A through H are indicated in many European TV's as Channels 13-20.

Eastern Europe

Original OIR assignments
System D 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
I	41.75	48.25
II	49.75	56.25
III	59.25	65.75
IV	77.25	83.75
1	145.25	151.75
2	153.25	159.75
3	161.25	167.75
4	169.25	175.75
5	177.25	183.75
6	185.25	191.75
7	193.25	199.75
8	201.25	207.75
9	209.25	215.75

Assignments since 1965
System D 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
1	49.75	56.25
2	59.25	65.75
3	77.25	83.75
4	85.25	91.75
5	93.25	99.75
6	175.25	181.75
7	183.25	189.75
8	191.25	197.75
9	199.25	205.75
10	207.25	213.75
11	215.25	221.75
12	223.25	229.75

Morocco

System B 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
4	163.25	168.75
5	171.25	176.75
6	179.25	184.75
7	187.25	192.75
8	195.25	200.75
9	203.25	208.75
10	211.25	216.75

Australia

System B 625 lines (7 MHz / channel)

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
0*	46.25	51.75
1	57.25	62.75
2	64.25	69.75
3*	86.25	91.75
4*	95.25	100.75
5*	102.25	107.75
5A*	138.25	143.75
6	175.25	180.75
7	182.25	187.75
8	189.25	194.75
9	196.25	201.75
9A	203.25	208.75
10	210.25	215.75
11	217.25	222.75
12	224.25	229.75

Note

• Channels 0, 3, 4, 5 and 5A are rarely used, and only in regional areas for repeater stations where little if any 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcasting takes place.
• With the introduction of Digital TV in 2001, the last two channels were moved up by 1 MHz to allow a full 7 MHz for a new channel 9A and channel 12 was added following the new channel 11.

New Zealand

System B 625 lines (7 MHz / channel)

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
1	45.25	50.75
2	55.25	60.75
3	62.25	67.75
4	175.25	180.75
5	182.25	187.75
6	189.25	194.75
7	196.25	201.75
8	203.25	208.75
9	210.25	215.75
10	217.25	222.75
11	224.25	229.75

• NOTE: Channels 10 and 11 weren't added until the late 1980s.

Southern Africa

System I 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
1	43.25	49.25
2	52.25	58.25
3	60.25	66.25
4	175.25	181.25
5	183.25	189.25
6	191.25	197.25
7	199.25	205.25
8	207.25	213.25
9	215.25	221.25
10	223.25	229.25
11	231.25	237.25
12	239.25	245.25
13	247.25	253.25

• NOTE: Channels 10 to 13 are rarely used.

People's Republic of China

System D 625 lines

Channel	Frequency range (MHz)	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)	Center frequency (MHz)
Band I
1	48.5-56.5	49.75	56.25	52.5
2	56.5-64.5	57.75	64.25	60.5
3	64.5-72.5	65.75	72.25	68.5
4	76-84	77.25	83.75	80
5	84-92	85.25	91.75	88
Band III
6	167-175	168.25	174.25	171
7	175-183	176.25	182.75	179
8	183-191	184.25	190.75	187
9	191-199	192.25	198.75	195
10	199-207	200.25	206.75	203
11	207-215	208.25	214.75	221
12	215-223	216.25	222.75	219

UHF

Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines

See North American broadcast television frequencies for frequencies used in North America.

Notes

• The frequencies used by UHF channels 70 through 83 were reallocated to the Land Mobile Radio System (Public Safety and Trunked Radio) and mobile phones in a CCIR worldwide convention in 1982, and thus were never used for digital TV but are listed here for theoretical use.
• In certain metropolitan areas of the United States, Channels 14 through 20 have been allocated to Land Mobile Radio (LMR) use. [4]
• Channels 52 through 69 in the United States have been reallocated now that conversion to digital TV was completed on June 12, 2009.
• Not all countries listed use ATSC, which has a single VSB carrier wave. Other countries use COFDM modulation for DVB-T or SBTVD (Brazil), which has dozens of carriers within the channel.
• Channel 37 is reserved for radio astronomy in the United States, Canada, Bermuda and the Bahamas, thus there are no television stations assigned to it. Mexico also informally observes a ban on transmitters using this channel.

System M 525 lines (most countries in the Americas and Caribbean,
South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines)
System N 625 lines (some South American countries)

Channel	Lower edge	Video carrier	ATSC carrier	Audio carrier	Upper edge
14	470	471.25	471.31	475.75	476
15	476	477.25	477.31	481.75	482
16	482	483.25	483.31	487.75	488
17	488	489.25	489.31	493.75	494
18	494	495.25	495.31	499.75	500
500 MHz band
19	500	501.25	501.31	505.75	506
20	506	507.25	507.31	511.75	512
21	512	513.25	513.31	517.75	518
22	518	519.25	519.31	523.75	524
23	524	525.25	525.31	529.75	530
24	530	531.25	531.31	535.75	536
25	536	537.25	537.31	541.75	542
26	542	543.25	543.31	547.75	548
27	548	549.25	549.31	553.75	554
28	554	555.25	555.31	559.75	560
29	560	561.25	561.31	565.75	566
30	566	567.25	567.31	571.75	572
31	572	573.25	573.31	577.75	578
32	578	579.25	579.31	583.75	584
33	584	585.25	585.31	589.75	590
34	590	591.25	591.31	595.75	596
600 MHz band
35	596	597.25	597.31	601.75	602
36	602	603.25	603.31	607.75	608
37*	608	609.25*	609.31*	613.75*	614
38	614	615.25	615.31	619.75	620
39	620	621.25	621.31	625.75	626
40	626	627.25	627.31	631.75	632
41	632	633.25	633.31	637.75	638
42	638	639.25	639.31	643.75	644
43	644	645.25	645.31	649.75	650
44	650	651.25	651.31	655.75	656
45	656	657.25	657.31	661.75	662
46	662	663.25	663.31	667.75	668
47	668	669.25	669.31	673.75	674
48	674	675.25	675.31	679.75	680
49	680	681.25	681.31	685.75	686
50	686	687.25	687.31	691.75	692
51	692	693.25	693.31	697.75	698
700 MHz band
52	698	699.25	699.31	703.75	704
53	704	705.25	705.31	709.75	710
54	710	711.25	711.31	715.75	716
55	716	717.25	717.31	721.75	722
56	722	723.25	723.31	727.75	728
57	728	729.25	729.31	733.75	734
58	734	735.25	735.31	739.75	740
59	740	741.25	741.31	745.75	746
60	746	747.25	747.31	751.75	752
61	752	753.25	753.31	757.75	758
62	758	759.25	759.31	763.75	764
63	764	765.25	765.31	769.75	770
64	770	771.25	771.31	775.75	776
65	776	777.25	777.31	781.75	782
66	782	783.25	783.31	787.75	788
67	788	789.25	789.31	793.75	794
68	794	795.25	795.31	799.75	800
69	800	801.25	801.31	805.75	806

Japan

Note: Channels 13-62 are used for analog and digital TV broadcasting.

Frequency spacing for each channel in Japan is same as in the countries above, but the channel number is 1 smaller than those countries; for example, channel 13 in Japan uses the frequency of channel 14 in North and South America (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines.

United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Macau, Falkland Islands and Southern Africa

System I 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
21	471.25	477.25
22	479.25	485.25
23	487.25	493.25
24	495.25	501.25
25	503.25	509.25
26	511.25	517.25
27	519.25	525.25
28	527.25	533.25
29	535.25	541.25
30	543.25	549.25
31	551.25	557.25
32	559.25	565.25
33	567.25	573.25
34	575.25	581.25
35	583.25	589.25
36	591.25	597.25
37	599.25	605.25
38	607.25	613.25
39	615.25	621.25
40	623.25	629.25
41	631.25	637.25
42	639.25	645.25
43	647.25	653.25
44	655.25	661.25
45	663.25	669.25
46	671.25	677.25
47	679.25	685.25
48	687.25	693.25
49	695.25	701.25
50	703.25	709.25
51	711.25	717.25
52	719.25	725.25
53	727.25	733.25
54	735.25	741.25
55	743.25	749.25
56	751.25	757.25
57	759.25	765.25
58	767.25	773.25
59	775.25	781.25
60	783.25	789.25
61	791.25	797.25
62	799.25	805.25
63	807.25	813.25
64	815.25	821.25
65	823.25	829.25
66	831.25	837.25
67	839.25	845.25
68	847.25	853.25
69	855.25	861.25

Western Europe, Greenland, most countries in Asia and Africa, and most of Oceania

System D/G/H 625 lines (8 MHz / channel)

UHF band

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
21	471.25	476.75
22	479.25	484.75
23	487.25	492.75
24	495.25	500.75
25	503.25	508.75
26	511.25	516.75
27	519.25	524.75
28	527.25	532.75
29	535.25	540.75
30	543.25	548.75
31	551.25	556.75
32	559.25	564.75
33	567.25	572.75
34	575.25	580.75
35	583.25	588.75
36	591.25	596.75
37	599.25	604.75
38	607.25	612.75
39	615.25	620.75
40	623.25	628.75
41	631.25	636.75
42	639.25	644.75
43	647.25	652.75
44	655.25	660.75
45	663.25	668.75
46	671.25	676.75
47	679.25	684.75
48	687.25	692.75
49	695.25	700.75
Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
50	703.25	708.75
51	711.25	716.75
52	719.25	724.75
53	727.25	732.75
54	735.25	740.75
55	743.25	748.75
56	751.25	756.75
57	759.25	764.75
58	767.25	772.75
59	775.25	780.75
60	783.25	788.75
61	791.25	796.75
62	799.25	804.75
63	807.25	812.75
64	815.25	820.75
65	823.25	828.75
66	831.25	836.75
67	839.25	844.75
68	847.25	852.75
69	855.25	860.75
Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
70	863.25	868.75
71	871.25	876.75
72	879.25	884.75
73	887.25	892.75
74	895.25	900.75
75	903.25	908.75
76	911.25	916.75
77	919.25	924.75
78	927.25	932.75
79	935.25	940.75
80	943.25	948.75
81	951.25	956.75

• NOTE: Former channels 14 to 18 renumbered as 21 to 25 in 1961. ^[4]
• NOTE: Channels 70 to 81 no longer allocated to television.

France, Eastern Europe, Former Soviet Union, French overseas territories and former French colonies in Africa

System K 625 lines
System L 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
21	471.25	477.75
22	479.25	485.75
23	487.25	493.75
24	495.25	501.75
25	503.25	509.75
26	511.25	517.75
27	519.25	525.75
28	527.25	533.75
29	535.25	541.75
30	543.25	549.75
31	551.25	557.75
32	559.25	565.75
33	567.25	573.75
34	575.25	581.75
35	583.25	589.75
36	591.25	597.75
37	599.25	605.75
38	607.25	613.75
39	615.25	621.75
40	623.25	629.75
41	631.25	637.75
42	639.25	645.75
43	647.25	653.75
44	655.25	661.75
45	663.25	669.75
46	671.25	677.75
47	679.25	685.75
48	687.25	693.75
49	695.25	701.75
50	703.25	709.75
51	711.25	717.75
52	719.25	725.75
53	727.25	733.75
54	735.25	741.75
55	743.25	749.75
56	751.25	757.75
57	759.25	765.75
58	767.25	773.75
59	775.25	781.75
60	783.25	789.75
61	791.25	797.75
62	799.25	805.75
63	807.25	813.75
64	815.25	821.75
65	823.25	829.75
66	831.25	837.75
67	839.25	845.75
68	847.25	853.75
69	855.25	861.75

Australia

System B 625 lines

Channel	Video carrier (MHz)	Audio carrier (MHz)
28	527.25	532.75
29	534.25	539.75
30	541.25	546.75
31	548.25	553.75
32	555.25	560.75
33	562.25	567.75
34	569.25	574.75
35	576.25	581.75
36	583.25	588.75
37	590.25	595.75
38	597.25	602.75
39	604.25	609.75
40	611.25	616.75
41	618.25	623.75
42	625.25	630.75
43	632.25	637.75
44	639.25	644.75
45	646.25	651.75
46	653.25	658.75
47	660.25	665.75
48	667.25	672.75
49	674.25	679.75
50	681.25	686.75
51	688.25	693.75
52	695.25	700.75
53	702.25	707.75
54	709.25	714.75
55	716.25	721.75
56	723.25	728.75
57	730.25	735.75
58	737.25	742.75
59	744.25	749.75
60	751.25	756.75
61	758.25	763.75
62	765.25	770.75
63	772.25	777.75
64	779.25	784.75
65	786.25	791.75
66	793.25	798.75
67	800.25	805.75
68	807.25	812.75
69	814.25	819.75

See also

• Asian television frequencies
• Australasian television frequencies
• Broadcast television systems
  • ATSC (standards)
  • NTSC
  • NTSC-J
  • PAL
  • RCA
  • SECAM
• Channel (broadcasting)
• Channel 37
• Digital television transition
• Knife-edge effect
• Moving image formats
• Multichannel television sound
• North American broadcast television frequencies
• North American cable television frequencies

References

1. ^ A. G. Sennitt (ed.), World Radio and TV Handbook Volume 49 1995, Billboard Books, 1995 pages 381-382
2. ^ O. Lund Johansen (ed.), World Radio-Television Handbook 9th Edition 1955, 1955 page 138
3. ^ ITU, Final Acts of the Regional Administrative Conference for the planning of VHF/UHF Television Broadcasting in the African Broadcasting Area and Neighbouring Countries 1989, ITU, 1990 page 60
4. ^ Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Broadcasting Stations of the World (Part IV) 16th Edition 1960, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960 pages 97-98

Telecommunications (general) History Beacons Broadcasting Computer networks Drums Electrical telegraphy Fax Heliography Hydraulic telegraphs Internet Mass media Mobile phones Optical telegraphy Photophone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Telegraphy Telephones Telephone patent controversies Television Undersea telegraph lines Videophones Pioneers Alexander Graham Bell Alfred Vail Alexander Popov Charles Wheatstone Claude Chappe Edwin Armstrong Elisha Gray Guglielmo Marconi Jagadish Bose Johann Philipp Reis John Logie Baird Lee De Forest Nikola Tesla Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Tim Berners-Lee Vint Cerf Vladimir Zworykin Media Coaxial cable Free-space optical Landlines Optical fiber Radio waves Terrestrial microwave Networks Advanced Research Projects Agency BITNET Ethernet FidoNet ISDN Internet Local area Mobile/Cellular NGN Packet switched Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex Wide area World Wide Web Wireless Geographic Telecommunications in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard Other entities European Union Telecommunications in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Telecommunications in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Telecommunications in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Cook Islands East Timor (Timor-Leste) Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Telecommunications in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara Telecommunications in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia People's Republic of China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine Republic of China (Taiwan) South Ossetia Dependencies and other territories Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau

Radio spectrum ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm

Analogue television broadcasting topics Systems 180-line • 405-line (System A) • 441-line • System B (also G and H) • System M • 819-line (System E) Color systems NTSC • PAL • PAL-M • PAL-S • PALplus • SECAM Video Back porch and front porch • Black level • Chrominance • Chrominance subcarrier • Colorburst • Color killer • Color TV • Composite video • Frame (video) • Horizontal scan rate • Horizontal blanking interval • Luma • Nominal analogue blanking • Overscan • Raster scan • Safe area • Television lines • Vertical blanking interval • White clipper Sound Multichannel television sound • NICAM  • Sound-in-Syncs • Zweikanalton Modulation Frequency modulation • Quadrature amplitude modulation • Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) Transmission Amplifiers • Antenna (radio)  • Cavity amplifier • Differential gain • Differential phase • Diplexer • Dipole antenna • Dummy load • Frequency mixer • Intercarrier method • Intermediate frequency • Output power of an analog TV transmitter • Pre-emphasis • Residual carrier  • Split sound system • Superheterodyne transmitter • Television receive-only • Television transmitter • Terrestrial television • Transmitter station  • Transposer Frequencies & Bands Frequency offset • Microwave transmission • Television channel frequencies  • UHF • VHF Propagation Beam tilt • Distortion • Earth bulge • Field strength in free space • Knife-edge effect • Noise (electronics) • Null fill • Path loss • Radiation pattern • Skew • Television interference Testing Distortionmeter • Field strength meter • Vectorscope  • VIT signals • Zero reference pulse Artifacts Dot crawl • Ghosting • Hanover bars • Sparklies